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An informant (also called an informer)^[1] is a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency. The term is usually used within the law enforcement world, where they are officially known as confidential human source (CHS), or criminal informants (CI). It can also refer pejoratively to someone who supplies information without the consent of the involved parties.^[2] The term is commonly used in politics, industry, entertainment, and academia.^[3][4]

Criminal informants[edit]

Informants are also extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who provides crime related information to law enforcement by definition is an informant.^[5]

The CIA has been criticized for leniency towards drug lords^[6] and murderers^[7] acting as paid informants, informants being allowed to engage in some crimes so that the potential informant can blend into the criminal environment without suspicion,^[7] and wasting billions of dollars on dishonest sources of information.^[2]

Informants are often regarded as traitors by their former criminal associates. Whatever the nature of a group, it is likely to feel strong hostility toward any known informers, regard them as threats and inflict punishments ranging from social ostracism through physical abuse and/or death. Informers are therefore generally protected, either by being segregated while in prison or, if they are not incarcerated, relocated under a new identity.

Informant motivation[edit]

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Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons. Many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion and other life factors that can affect the accuracy or veracity of information provided.

Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants' information.

Generally, informants' motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation and conscience.

A list of possible motivations includes:

Self-Interest:

• Financial reward^[8]
• Pre-trial release from custody
• Withdrawal or dismissal of criminal charges
• Reduction of sentence
• Choice of location to serve sentence
• Elimination of rivals or unwanted criminal associates.
• Elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities.
• Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities.
• Revenge^[8]

Self-Preservation:

• Fear of harm from others.
• Threat of arrest or charges.
• Threat of incarceration.
• Desire for witness protection program.

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Conscience:

• Desire to go straight
• Guilty conscience
• Genuine desire to assist law enforcement and society.^[9]

Labor and social movements[edit]

Corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired labor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities.^[10] Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce. They may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers' unionization efforts.^[11]

Paid informants have often been used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize and ultimately break them.^[12]

Politics[edit]

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Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt. Officials may be taking bribes, or participants in a money loop also called a kickback. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all monies recovered by their government.^{[citation needed]}

Lactantius described an example from ancient Rome involved the prosecution of a woman suspected to have advised a woman not to marry Maximinus II: 'Neither indeed was there any accuser, until a certain Jew, one charged with other offences, was induced, through hope of pardon, to give false evidence against the innocent. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, lest the populace should have stoned him... The Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed... The innocent were condemned to die.... Nor was the promise of pardon made good to the feigned adulterer, for he was fixed to a gibbet, and then he disclosed the whole secret contrivance; and with his last breath he protested to all the beholders that the women died innocent.'^[13]

Criminal informant schemes have been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives.^[14]

Jailhouse informants[edit]

Jailhouse informants, who report hearsay (admissions against penal interest) which they claim to have heard while the accused is in pretrial detention, usually in exchange for sentence reductions or other inducements, have been the focus of particular controversy.^[15] Some examples of their use are in connection with Stanley Williams, Cameron Todd Willingham, Gerald Stano, Thomas Silverstein, Marshall 'Eddie' Conway, and a suspect in the disappearance of Etan Patz.^{[citation needed]} The Innocence Project has stated that 15% of all wrongful convictions later exonerated because of DNA results were accompanied by false testimony by jailhouse informants. 50% of murder convictions exonerated by DNA were accompanied by false testimony by jailhouse informants.^[16]

Terminology and slang[edit]

Slang terms for informants include:

• blabbermouth^[17]
• cheese eater^[18]
• canary — derives from the fact that canaries sing, and 'singing' is underworld or street slang for providing information or talking to the police.^[19]
• dog — Australian. May also refer to police who specialize in surveillance, or police generally.
• ear – someone who overhears something and tells the authorities.
• fink — this may refer to the Pinkertons who were used as plain-clothesdetectives and strike-breakers.^[20]
• grass^[21] or supergrass,^[22] — rhyming slang for grasshopper, meaning copper or shopper^[23] and having additional associations with the popular song, 'Whispering Grass', and the phrase snake in the grass.^[24]
• narc — a member of a specialist narcotics police force.^[25]
• nark — this may have come from the Romany term nak for nose or the French term narquois meaning cunning, deceitful and/or criminal.^[26][27]
• nose^[28]
• pentito — Italian term, meaning 'one who repents'. Usually used in reference to Mafia informants, but it has also been used to refer to informants for Italian paramilitary or terrorist organizations, such as the Red Brigades.
• pursuivant (archaic),^[29]
• rat^[18][30] — informing is commonly referred to as 'ratting'.
• snitch^[31] — informing is commonly referred to as 'snitching'.
• snout^[32]
• spotter^[33]
• squealer^[31]
• Stikker — Danish term meaning 'stabber'. Mainly used in relation to World War Two.
• stool pigeon or stoolie^[34]
• tell tale or tell-tale^[35][36]
• tattle-tale
• tittle-tattle^[34]
• tout – Northern Irish slang for an informant, often one who informed on the activities of paramilitary groups during The Troubles.^[37][38]
• trick^[39]
• turncoat^[17]
• weasel^[17]

The phrase 'drop a dime' refers to an informant using a payphone to call the authorities to report information.^{[citation needed]}

The term 'stool pigeon' originates from the antiquated practice of tying a passenger pigeon to a stool. The bird would flap its wings in a futile attempt to escape. The sound of the wings flapping would attract other pigeons to the stool where a large number of birds could be easily killed or captured.^[40]

List of famous individuals[edit]

• Whitey Bulger, Boston Irish mob boss
• Steve Flemmi, Whitey Bulger's partner-in-crime
• Nicholas Calabrese, the first made man to testify against the Chicago Outfit
• James Carey, Irish terrorist
• W. Mark Felt, a.k.a. 'Deep Throat', former Deputy Director of the FBI
• Sammy Gravano, former underboss of the Gambino crime family
• Henry Hill, Lucchese crime family associate
• Frank Lucas, New York City drug dealer turned informant
• Abe Reles, Murder, Inc. hit man
• Freddie Scappaticci, member of the Provisional IRA
• Joseph Valachi, soldier in the Genovese crime family
• Salvatore Vitale, former underboss of the Bonanno crime family
• Richard Wershe Jr. (commonly known as 'White Boy Rick'), youngest FBI informant ever (informant at age 14)
• Joseph Massino, the first boss of one of the Five Families in New York City to turn state's evidence
• Daniel Hernandez a.k.a. 6ix9ine, American rapper, testified against Nine Trey Bloods

Informants by country[edit]

Russia and Soviet Union[edit]

A system of informants existed in Russian Empire and later adopted by the Soviet Union. In Russia such person was known as osvedomitel or donoschik and secretly cooperated with law enforcement agencies such as Okhranka or later Soviet militsiya or KGB. Officially those informants were referred to as secret coworker (Russian: секретный сотрудник, sekretny sotrudnik) and often were referred by a Russian derived portmanteau seksot.

In some KGB documents has also been used a term 'source of operational information' (Russian: источник оперативной информации, istochnik operativnoi informatsii).^[41]

Germany[edit]

Poland[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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1. ^'informer'. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 June 2016. 2: one that informs against another; specifically : one who makes a practice especially for a financial reward of informing against others for violations of penal laws
2. ^ ^ab'The Weakest Link: The Dire Consequences of a Weak Link in the Informant Handling and Covert Operations Chain-of-Command' by M Levine. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 2009
3. ^'Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: A multivariate approach' by DA Schuler, K Rehbein, RD Cramer – Academy of Management Journal, 2002
4. ^'Reading English for specialized purposes: Discourse analysis and the use of student informants' by A Cohen, H Glasman, PR Rosenbaum-Cohen, TESOL Quarterly, 197
5. ^Palmiotto, J., Micheal. Criminal Investigation. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013. p65-66
6. ^'Kid Who Sold Crack to the President' by J Morley. Washington City Paper, 1989
7. ^ ^ab'Government Corruption and the Right of Access to Courts' by UA Kim. Michigan Law Review, 2004
8. ^ ^abLyman, D., Micheal. Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science. 6th ed. Columbia College of Missouri. Pearson, 2010. p264
9. ^Allen, Bill Van (2011). Criminal investigation : in search of the truth (2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. p. 217. ISBN978-0-13-800011-0.
10. ^'Private detective agencies and labour discipline in the United States, 1855–1946' by RP Weiss. The Historical Journal, 2009. Cambridge Univ Press
11. ^'Judicial Control of Informants, Spies, Stool Pigeons, and Agent Provocateurs' by RC Donnelly – Yale Law Journal, 1951
12. ^'Thoughts on a neglected category of social movement participant: The agent provocateur and the informant' by GT Marx – American Journal of Sociology, 1974
13. ^Lactantius. 'On the Deaths of the Persecutors'.
14. ^'CIA Assets and the Rise of the Guadalajara Connection' J. Marshall – Crime, Law and Social Change, 1991
15. ^scc.lexum.umontreal.caArchived 2010-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
16. ^Wrong convictions spur Florida to rethink using jail informants, Orlando Sentinel, Rene Stutzman, December 27, 2011
17. ^ ^abc'snitch'. Thesaurus.com.
18. ^ ^ab'Role of the Rat in the Prison' by HA Wilmer. Fed. Probation, 1965
19. ^Orwant, Jon (May 22, 2003). Games, Diversions & Perl Culture: Best of the Perl Journal. O'Reilly Media. ISBN9781449397784.
20. ^'The Origin of fink 'informer, hired strikebreaker' by William Sayers. A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews. Winter 2005 Cornell University
21. ^Criminal classes: offenders at school by A Devlin. 1995
22. ^'The Intelligence War in Northern Ireland' by K Maguire – International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 4, Issue 2 1990, pages 145–165
23. ^'grass'. Oxford English Dictionary. A spy or informer, esp. for the police
24. ^Supergrasses: a study in anti-terrorist law enforcement in Northern Ireland. books.google.com. 1995. ISBN9780198257660.
25. ^Chicano intravenous drug users: The collection and interpretation of data from hidden from Hidden Populations by R Ramos. 1990
26. ^Prison patter: a dictionary of prison words and slang by A Devlin. 1996
27. ^'Some ethical dilemmas in the handling of police informers' by C Dunnighan, C Norris – Public Money & Management, 1998
28. ^'nose'. Oxford English Dictionary. A spy or informer, esp. for the police
29. ^'Speaker and Structure in Donne's Satyre' by NM Bradbury. Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 1985.
30. ^'Sociology of Confinement: Assimilation and the Prison 'Rat' by EH Johnson. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. 1961
31. ^ ^ab'Reflections on the role of statutory immunity in the criminal justice system' by WJ Bauer – Journal of Criminal Law. & Criminology, 1976
32. ^'snout'. Oxford English Dictionary. A police informer
33. ^'Instigated Crime' by S Shaw – Alta. LQ, 1938
34. ^ ^ab'Elevating the Role of the Informer: The Value of Secret Information'. MW Krasilovsky. ABAJ, 1954
35. ^'On Truth and Lie in a Colonial Sense: Kipling's Tales of Tale-telling' by A Hai – ELH, 1997
36. ^'Telling tales in school' by A Minister. Education 3–13, 1990
37. ^McDonald, Henry (2000-10-28). 'End of 'touts' in Northern Ireland'. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
38. ^'The murky world of informers'. BBC News. 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
39. ^Prison ministry: hope behind the wall by Dennis W. Pierce – 2006
40. ^Coleman 1996, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFColeman1996 (help)
41. ^Andropov to the Central Committee. The Demonstration in Red Square Against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia. September 20, 1968Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine

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